Regulatory atlas · 23 jurisdictions · compiled 16–17 September 2026

Who writes the rule, who enforces it, and who dispatches the machine.

Every brief in the library ends at an official document. This is the map of the institutions that produce those documents: for each of the 23 jurisdictions, the body that passes the primary law, the regulator that turns it into licence conditions and tariffs, the operator that runs the grid or clears the market, and the ministry that sets the policy the other three implement. Links go to official government, regulator, legislature and market-operator hosts only — the same hosts the briefs cite. Where a jurisdiction has no institution filling a role, the gap is stated rather than papered over.

23jurisdictions, ordered by country name

4 roleslaw · regulator · operator · ministry

Officialgovernment and market-operator hosts only

HTTPSevery link, no aggregators or news

Argentina

Two framework statutes from 1960 and 1992 still govern the sector, but since the 2024 Ley Bases delegation most of the live rulemaking arrives as executive decrees and Secretaría resolutions rather than acts of Congress.

Primary lawCongreso de la Nación Argentinacongreso.gob.ar
Passes the framework statutes the sector runs on — Leyes 15.336 and 24.065, the renewables mandate in Ley 27.191, and the Ley 27.742 delegation the executive has used to rewrite both.
Statute textInfoLEG, Ministerio de Justiciaservicios.infoleg.gob.ar
The consolidated text of every law and decree as amended — where you check whether the version you are quoting is still in force.
RegulatorENReGE (ex ENRE)enre.gov.ar
Sets distribution tariffs for Edenor and Edesur through the five-year revisión tarifaria, runs the public hearings, and polices quality-of-service penalties.
OperatorCAMMESAcammesa.com
Dispatches the SADI, settles the wholesale market, and administers the MATER queue that rations scarce transmission capacity between private PPAs.
MinistrySecretaría de Energíaargentina.gob.ar
Issues the resolutions that actually move prices: seasonal programming, subsidy segmentation, and the Decreto 450/2025 reopening of the wholesale market to bilateral contracting.

Australia

The National Electricity Rules are changed by a rule-maker, not by parliament: anyone can file a rule change request with the AEMC, which is why NEM reform moves on determination dates rather than election cycles.

Primary lawParliament of Australiaaph.gov.au
Passes the Commonwealth statutes that sit above the NEM — the NGER Act behind the Safeguard Mechanism and the appropriations behind the Capacity Investment Scheme.
Statute textFederal Register of Legislationlegislation.gov.au
Authoritative in-force text of Commonwealth acts and legislative instruments, including the Safeguard Mechanism Rule and its declining baselines.
Rule-makerAustralian Energy Market Commissionaemc.gov.au
Makes the National Electricity Rules — five-minute settlement, the bidirectional storage category, and the Reliability Panel's market price cap and cumulative price threshold.
RegulatorAustralian Energy Regulatoraer.gov.au
Enforces the rules the AEMC writes: network revenue determinations, rebidding and market conduct cases, and the default market offer for retail customers.
OperatorAustralian Energy Market Operatoraemo.com.au
Dispatches the NEM and the WEM, publishes the Integrated System Plan that underwrites transmission investment, and calls the reliability interventions when reserves run short.
MinistryDCCEEWdcceew.gov.au
Runs the Capacity Investment Scheme tenders and the Safeguard Mechanism design, and staffs the Energy and Climate Change Ministerial Council where the states sign off on NEM reform.

Brazil

A medida provisória takes effect the day it is published and lapses if Congress does not convert it within 120 days — which is why Brazilian power-sector law arrives fast and then gets rewritten in conversion.

Primary lawCâmara dos Deputadoscamara.leg.br
Converts medidas provisórias into law and amends them while doing it — the route by which MP 1.300/2025 became Lei 15.235 with the social tariff attached.
Statute textPresidência da República, Casa Civilplanalto.gov.br
Consolidated texts of the laws that define the market — Lei 14.300 on distributed generation, Lei 14.182 on the Eletrobras privatisation, Lei 14.948 on hydrogen.
RegulatorANEELgov.br/aneel
Sets distribution tariffs and the commercialisation rules, runs the generation and transmission auctions, and holds the consultas públicas where the numbers are argued before they bind.
OperatorOperador Nacional do Sistema Elétricoons.org.br
Dispatches the Sistema Interligado Nacional on hydro-thermal cost order and publishes the operation bulletins behind the hourly PLD.
Market chamberCâmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétricaccee.org.br
Registers every bilateral contract and settles the short-term market at the PLD, so it is where exposure to hydrology actually lands.
MinistryMinistério de Minas e Energiagov.br/mme
Sets auction policy by portaria, defines the contracting requirement for distributors, and directs EPE's expansion studies.

Canada

Electricity is provincial. Ottawa reaches it through emissions regulations and tax credits; the market design that determines your price is made in Edmonton and Toronto, not in Parliament.

Primary lawParliament of Canadaparl.ca
Passes the federal budget bills that carry the Clean Electricity and Clean Technology investment tax credits, and the C-5 major-projects legislation behind the federal permitting track.
Statute textJustice Laws Websitelaws-lois.justice.gc.ca
Consolidated federal acts and regulations, including the Clean Electricity Regulations, SOR/2024-263, and their emission-intensity limits.
RegulatorOntario Energy Boardoeb.ca
Sets distribution and transmission rates in Ontario and licenses market participants — the provincial tier where Canadian ratepayer decisions are actually taken.
OperatorIndependent Electricity System Operator (Ontario)ieso.ca
Runs Ontario's real-time and day-ahead markets and procures capacity through the resource adequacy framework.
OperatorAlberta Electric System Operatoraeso.ca
Operates Alberta's energy-only pool and is rebuilding it as the Restructured Energy Market under the ISO Rules Regulation, AR 51/2026.
MinistryNatural Resources Canadanatural-resources.canada.ca
Holds the federal grid and clean-electricity programmes, and the interprovincial transmission funding that the tax credits are designed to pull forward.
Federal regulatorCanada Energy Regulatorcer-rec.gc.ca
Electricity regulation is otherwise provincial; the CER is the federal exception, authorising power exports and international transmission lines.

China

The 2024 Energy Law is the first statute to sit above the sector, but the binding instruments remain NDRC and NEA documents issued by number — Document 118, Document 394 — each of which resets provincial pricing within months.

Primary lawNational People's Congressnpc.gov.cn
Adopts the statutes above the sector, including the Energy Law of the People's Republic of China in force since 1 January 2025.
Statute textState Councilgov.cn
Publishes the law texts and the State Council orders that carry real force here — the Interim Regulations on Carbon Emissions Trading Management, Order No. 775.
RegulatorNational Energy Administrationnea.gov.cn
Issues the spot-market construction timetables and the basic rules that provinces must implement, and licenses grid and generation activity.
MinistryNational Development and Reform Commissionndrc.gov.cn
Sets coal benchmark prices, the tariff floating band and the unified national market timetable; NEA sits underneath it, which is why the joint notices carry NDRC's number first.
Carbon marketMinistry of Ecology and Environmentmee.gov.cn
Runs the national ETS — allocation plans for power, steel, cement and aluminium smelting, and the compliance data that sets the allowance price.
Operator · gapNo official host listed
Dispatch and trading sit with the State Grid and Southern Grid power exchanges, whose sites are corporate rather than government hosts, so no link is given here.

Egypt

Electricity Law 87 of 2015 promised an unbundled competitive market; eleven years on the transition is still run by regulator circular, with private-to-private trading opened case by case.

Primary lawHouse of Representativesparliament.gov.eg
Passes the electricity and renewable-energy statutes — Law 87/2015 and Law 203/2014 — that the executive then fills in by decree.
RegulatorEgyptERAegyptera.org
Sets the tariff schedules, issues generation and trading licences, and writes the P2P circulars that decide who may sell power to whom during the transition.
OperatorEgyptian Electricity Holding Companyeehc.gov.eg
Owns the transmission company and the distribution companies, and is the counterparty on the PPAs behind the state's generation fleet.
MinistryMinistry of Electricity and Renewable Energymoee.gov.eg
Sets the generation build programme and the interconnection projects with Saudi Arabia and Europe, and signs the decrees that amend the executive regulations.
RenewablesNew and Renewable Energy Authoritynrea.gov.eg
Allocates the land for wind and solar projects and publishes the pipeline against the 2030 renewables target.

Ethiopia

The binding constraint is not the tariff but the currency: since the July 2024 float, whether a project is bankable depends on the National Bank's foreign-exchange directives as much as on the Energy Proclamation.

Primary lawHouse of Peoples' Representativeshopr.gov.et
Enacts the proclamations that constitute the sector — Energy Proclamation 810/2013 and Proclamation 1263/2021, which created the Petroleum and Energy Authority.
RegulatorPetroleum and Energy Authoritypea.gov.et
Licenses generation, transmission and distribution, approves tariffs, and publishes the directives and codes that private IPPs are held to.
OperatorEthiopian Electric Powereep.com.et
Owns and operates generation and the high-voltage grid, and is the single buyer and exporter — the counterparty on the Kenya, Sudan and Djibouti supply contracts.
DistributionEthiopian Electric Utilityeeu.gov.et
Runs distribution and retail billing, so it is where the tariff reform path meets actual cash collection.
Ministry · gapCertificate expired
The Ministry of Water and Energy sets the electrification programme and the hydropower build sequence, but its site is served on an expired TLS certificate, so no link is given; its directives reach the market through the Authority above.

European Union

A regulation binds directly across 27 member states on the day it applies; a directive only starts a two-year transposition clock. Which instrument the Commission chose tells you when the rule actually bites.

Primary lawEuropean Parliamenteuroparl.europa.eu
Co-legislates with the Council on the electricity market design package, the Net-Zero Industry Act and CBAM; its Legislative Observatory tracks each file's trilogue state.
Primary lawCouncil of the European Unionconsilium.europa.eu
Agrees the general approach that sets the member states' negotiating floor, and publishes the PE-CONS text that is the deal as adopted.
Statute textEUR-Lexeur-lex.europa.eu
The Official Journal of record — Regulation (EU) 2024/1747, Directive (EU) 2024/1711 and the consolidated versions that supersede them.
RegulatorACERacer.europa.eu
Approves the cross-border network codes and the bidding-zone review, and arbitrates where national regulators cannot agree on an interconnector.
OperatorENTSO-Eentsoe.eu
The statutory association of European TSOs: drafts the network codes, runs the ten-year network development plan and publishes the Transparency Platform data.
CommissionEuropean Commission, DG ENERenergy.ec.europa.eu
Proposes the legislation, runs the Grids Package and the state-aid clearance without which a capacity mechanism cannot start.

India

The Electricity Act, 2003 splits authority between a central commission for interstate trade and twenty-eight state commissions for retail tariffs, which is why a national reform usually arrives as a CERC regulation plus twenty-eight state adoptions.

Primary lawIndia Codeindiacode.nic.in
The government's consolidated statute book — the Electricity Act, 2003 and the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 that created the carbon credit scheme.
RegulatorCentral Electricity Regulatory Commissioncercind.gov.in
Sets interstate transmission tariffs, regulates the power exchanges, and issued the market-coupling directions in Petition 8/SM/2025 that rewire price discovery.
OperatorGrid Controller of Indiagrid-india.in
Operates the national load despatch centre, runs the deviation settlement mechanism, and publishes the real-time frequency and schedule data.
TransmissionCentral Transmission Utility of Indiactuil.in
Grants interstate transmission connectivity and long-term access — the queue that determines when a renewable project can actually inject.
MinistryMinistry of Powerpowermin.gov.in
Drafts the Electricity (Amendment) Bill, issues the late-payment surcharge rules, and publishes discom dues through the PRAAPTI portal.
Carbon marketBureau of Energy Efficiencybeeindia.gov.in
Administers the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme and the greenhouse-gas emission-intensity targets that bind obligated entities from the 2025-26 compliance year.

Japan

Japan procures capacity four years ahead and decarbonised capacity twenty years ahead in the same institution, so the auction calendar — not the statute book — is what moves investment decisions.

Primary lawHouse of Representatives, National Dietshugiin.go.jp
Passes the acts that restructure the sector — the Electricity Business Act amendments that unbundled the utilities and the 2023 GX Promotion Act behind the carbon levy.
Statute texte-Gov Law Searchlaws.e-gov.go.jp
Consolidated text of the Electricity Business Act, the FIT/FIP Act and the GX Promotion Act with their enforcement orders.
OperatorOCCTOoccto.or.jp
Runs the capacity market main auction and the long-term decarbonisation auction, and writes the wide-area grid master plan that sequences interconnector reinforcement.
ExchangeJapan Electric Power Exchangejepx.jp
Clears the day-ahead and intraday spot markets whose area prices the FIP premium and the retail margin are both referenced to.
MinistryAgency for Natural Resources and Energy, METIenecho.meti.go.jp
Writes the Strategic Energy Plan and the FY2040 supply-demand outlook, and sets the FIT and FIP procurement prices each year.
Regulator · gapNo reachable official host
Market conduct sits with METI's Electricity and Gas Market Surveillance Commission, whose own domain no longer resolves; its work is published through METI above.

Kenya

The Energy Act, 2019 promised open access and a bulk supply market; the 2026 regulations finally set the terms, which makes EPRA's legal notices the thing to read rather than the Act itself.

Primary lawParliament of Kenyaparliament.go.ke
Enacts the Energy Act and approves the legal notices under it; the gazette supplement it publishes is the operative text.
Statute textKenya Lawnew.kenyalaw.org
The National Council for Law Reporting's revised statute book — the Energy Act (Cap. 314) and the open-access and net-metering regulations as made.
RegulatorEnergy and Petroleum Regulatory Authorityepra.go.ke
Approves the retail tariff, licenses generation and supply, and runs the least-cost power development plan that decides what gets procured.
OperatorKETRACOketraco.co.ke
Owns and builds the high-voltage network, including the 500 kV HVDC link to Ethiopia that now supplies a material share of peak demand.
OfftakerKenya Powerkplc.co.ke
The single buyer and sole distributor — counterparty to every IPP PPA, and the balance sheet the tariff review is really about.
Ministry · gapHost not resolving
The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum's own site returns a server error at the time of compiling; policy documents are reached through EPRA above.

Mexico

The October 2024 constitutional reform put CFE's status beyond ordinary judicial challenge, and the March 2025 Ley del Sector Eléctrico rebuilt the market around it — the private-generation rules changed at the constitutional layer first.

Primary lawCámara de Diputadosdiputados.gob.mx
Passes the constitutional reforms and the secondary legislation, and hosts the LeyesBiblio archive of every version of the Ley de la Industria Eléctrica and its successor.
Official gazetteDiario Oficial de la Federacióndof.gob.mx
Publication here is what makes a decree effective; the DOF date is the one that matters for grandfathering of existing permits.
RegulatorComisión Nacional de Energíagob.mx/cne
Successor to CRE: issues generation permits, sets regulated tariffs, and administers the clean energy certificates.
OperatorCENACEcenace.gob.mx
Dispatches the SEN and clears the wholesale market, and publishes the interconnection studies that gate new private capacity.
MinistrySecretaría de Energíagob.mx/sener
Plans the expansion of the network and sets the 54 per cent state-generation share the reform obliges the system to deliver.
State utilityComisión Federal de Electricidadcfe.mx
Generates, transmits and distributes as a vertically integrated state company — the counterparty private projects now contract around.

Nepal

The framework statute is still the Electricity Act, 2049 (1992), so the live rulemaking arrives as Electricity Regulatory Commission directives issued under a separate 2017 Act — tariff determination, balancing and settlement, open access — rather than as amendments to the Act itself.

Primary lawFederal Parliament of Nepalparliament.gov.np
Passes the statutes the sector runs on — the Electricity Act, 2049 (1992) that still frames it, the Nepal Electricity Authority Act, 2041 (1984) that created the utility, and the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 2074 (2017) that finally pulled the regulator out of the ministry.
Statute textNepal Law Commissionlawcommission.gov.np
The government's consolidated text of acts, ordinances and regulations as amended — where you check whether the 1992 Act you are quoting is still the one in force.
RegulatorElectricity Regulatory Commissionerc.gov.np
Constituted in 2019: determines consumer tariffs and wheeling charges, fixes PPA rates and consents to every PPA, and is now issuing open-access, balancing and settlement directives ahead of a wholesale market that does not yet exist.
LicensingDepartment of Electricity Developmentdoed.gov.np
Issues and registers the survey and generation licences for hydro, solar, wind and transmission — the queue that decides which of Nepal's licensed gigawatts ever reach a power purchase agreement.
OperatorNepal Electricity Authoritynea.org.np
Generator, single buyer, transmission owner, distributor and system operator in one, despatching from the Syuchatar load despatch centre; its annual report is the only complete public dataset the sector has.
TransmissionRastriya Prasaran Grid Companyrpgcl.com
The dedicated state transmission company building the 220 and 400 kV corridors, including the cross-border lines the export trade with India has to fit through.
State generationVidhyut Utpadan Companyvucl.org
Develops the large state schemes NEA's own balance sheet cannot carry — Phukot Karnali, Kimathanka Arun and Mugu Karnali among them.
PlanningWater and Energy Commission Secretariatwecs.gov.np
Does the energy-sector planning and demand projection that licensing and procurement decisions are meant to be tested against.
MinistryMinistry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigationmoewri.gov.np
Sets sector policy, issues power-trading licences, and holds the cross-border trade file with India that every export megawatt-hour is negotiated through.
Rural energyAlternative Energy Promotion Centreaepc.gov.np
Runs the off-grid half of the system — mini-grids, micro-hydro, solar home systems and efficiency programmes for the local levels the national grid has still not reached.
Market · gapNo wholesale market, no official host
There is no power exchange and no spot price: NEA is the only domestic buyer, and all trading beyond it is cross-border. Nepal Power Trading Company Limited holds a trading licence but is not yet operating and has no official host to link.

New Zealand

The Electricity Authority changes the market by amending the Code, not by asking parliament — a gazetted Code amendment is binding on every participant on its stated date.

Primary lawNew Zealand Parliamentparliament.nz
Passes the Electricity Industry Act amendments and the Climate Change Response Act targets, and tracks each bill through its select committee stage.
Statute textNew Zealand Legislationlegislation.govt.nz
In-force acts and secondary legislation, including the ETS auction limits and price-control regulations that set the carbon cost in every offer.
RegulatorElectricity Authorityea.govt.nz
Amends the Electricity Industry Participation Code — market making, hedge disclosure, the non-discrimination obligations on the gentailers — and monitors the spot market.
Price controlCommerce Commissioncomcom.govt.nz
Sets the default price-quality path for lines companies and Transpower's individual path, which fix the regulated revenue in every line charge.
OperatorTranspowertranspower.co.nz
Owns the national grid and acts as system operator, and publishes the security of supply assessment that triggers the emergency conservation campaigns.
MinistryMBIEmbie.govt.nz
Runs the electricity market performance reviews and holds the energy policy that the Authority's Code work is expected to implement.

Russia

Capacity is sold separately from energy in the KOM competitive selection four years ahead, so the price a Russian generator receives is set long before the megawatt-hour is produced.

Primary lawState Dumaduma.gov.ru
Passes the federal laws that structure the sector — 35-FZ on the electric power industry and the amendments, such as 516-FZ, that add demand-response and new market services.
Statute textOfficial Internet Portal of Legal Informationpublication.pravo.gov.ru
Where a federal law or government decree becomes officially published and therefore effective.
RegulatorFederal Antimonopoly Servicefas.gov.ru
Sets the regulated tariffs and the price caps in the non-price zones, and polices the cross-subsidy between industrial and household customers.
OperatorSystem Operator of the UESso-ups.ru
Dispatches the unified energy system and runs the KOM capacity selections whose results fix capacity payments years ahead.
MarketTrade System Administrator (ATS)atsenergo.ru
Clears the wholesale day-ahead and balancing markets and runs the competitive selections for renewable projects.
MinistryMinistry of Energyminenergo.gov.ru
Drafts the general scheme for generation and grid siting and sponsors the decrees that change market rules between statutes.

Saudi Arabia

There is no wholesale market to trade: a single procurement company signs every PPA, so what a project earns is decided in a bid round, not at a clearing price.

Primary lawUnified National Platformmy.gov.sa
The government's single portal to the Electricity Law and its implementing regulations, and to the ministerial decisions issued under them.
LegislatureShura Councilshura.gov.sa
Reviews and proposes amendments to the statutes, including the Electricity Law, before they are issued by Royal Decree.
Regulator · gapHost no longer resolves
Licensing and tariff approval sit with the Water and Electricity Regulatory Authority, whose domain returns no DNS record; its instruments are published through the national platform above.
OperatorNational Grid SAngrid.sa
Owns and operates the transmission system and the interconnections, and runs system operations for the Kingdom.
Single buyerSaudi Power Procurement Companyspcs.sa
The principal buyer: runs the renewable and gas IPP tenders and signs the 20- to 25-year PPAs that are the sector's only revenue contract.
MinistryMinistry of Energymoenergy.gov.sa
Sets the generation mix target and the liquid-fuel displacement programme, and directs the procurement rounds through the National Renewable Energy Program.

Singapore

A gas-only island system with no spare land is solving adequacy by importing electricity under conditional approvals — each one an EMA licence decision rather than a market outcome.

Primary lawParliament of Singaporeparliament.gov.sg
Passes the Energy Transition Measures Act and the Carbon Pricing Act amendments, with the second-reading speech usually the clearest statement of intent.
Statute textSingapore Statutes Onlinesso.agc.gov.sg
The Attorney-General's in-force text of the Electricity Act, the Carbon Pricing Act and the subsidiary legislation that commences them.
RegulatorEnergy Market Authorityema.gov.sg
Licenses generation and import, runs the centralised process for new capacity, sets the temporary price cap, and grants the conditional approvals for cross-border imports.
OperatorEnergy Market Companyhome.emcsg.com
Operates the wholesale market and publishes the Market Rules that set the half-hourly USEP every retailer prices off.
MinistryMinistry of Trade and Industrymti.gov.sg
Owns the low-carbon electricity import policy and the 6 GW by 2035 target that the EMA's approvals are working toward.
Carbon taxNational Environment Agencynea.gov.sg
Administers the carbon tax on the facilities that include every large gas-fired generator, and the international carbon credit eligibility list.

South Africa

The Electricity Regulation Amendment Act, 2024 creates the legal shell for a competitive market, but the entity that will run it is still a ring-fenced Eskom subsidiary — the transition is being executed inside a balance sheet.

Primary lawParliament of South Africaparliament.gov.za
Passes the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act and the Carbon Tax Act, and processes the annual rates bills that move the carbon tax rate.
Statute textGovernment Gazettegov.za
Where acts, notices and the Schedule 2 licensing exemptions are published — the gazette number and date decide when an exemption starts.
RegulatorNERSAnersa.org.za
Sets Eskom's allowed revenue through the MYPD determinations and the regulatory clearing account, and licenses and registers private generation.
OperatorNational Transmission Company South Africantcsa.co.za
Runs the transmission system and is designated market operator and central purchasing agency under the wholesale market code.
UtilityEskomeskom.co.za
Still generates most of the country's power and publishes the system status and loadshedding stages that set the scarcity everyone else plans around.
MinistryDepartment of Electricity and Energydee.gov.za
Publishes the Integrated Resource Plan and the ministerial determinations that authorise each procurement round.
ProcurementIPP Officeipp-projects.co.za
Runs the REIPPPP and battery bid windows and publishes the awarded tariffs and financial-close status per project.

South Korea

KEPCO buys all generation at a cost-based pool price and sells at a politically set retail tariff, so the sector's losses are a policy variable rather than a market signal.

Primary lawNational Assemblyassembly.go.kr
Passes the Electric Utility Act amendments and the special acts — distributed energy, offshore wind, the national backbone grid — that override the ordinary permitting route.
Statute textKorean Law Information Centerlaw.go.kr
Consolidated text of the Electric Utility Act, the emissions-trading act and the special acts, with their enforcement decrees.
RegulatorKorea Electricity Regulatory Commissionkorec.go.kr
Reviews tariff and market-rule changes and adjudicates disputes between KEPCO, the gencos and new entrants.
OperatorKorea Power Exchangekpx.or.kr
Dispatches the system on the cost-based pool, sets the system marginal price, and drafts the Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand.
UtilityKEPCOkepco.co.kr
Single buyer, grid owner and sole retailer — its published rate tables are the retail price for the entire country.
MinistryMinistry of Climate, Energy and Environmentme.go.kr
Holds energy and climate policy together after the 2025 reorganisation, including the NDC pathway the supply plan has to fit.

Taiwan

The 2017 Electricity Act opened direct supply for renewables only, so Taiwan has a corporate PPA market grafted onto a monopoly utility that still sets the tariff for everyone else.

Primary lawLegislative Yuanly.gov.tw
Amends the Electricity Act, the Renewable Energy Development Act and the Climate Change Response Act that carries the carbon fee.
Statute textLaws and Regulations Databaselaw.moj.gov.tw
Ministry of Justice consolidated texts with legislative history, in Chinese and English — the amendment dates the market design turns on.
RegulatorEnergy Administration, MOEAmoeaea.gov.tw
Sets the annual feed-in tariff rates and formula, runs the offshore wind zonal allocations, and licenses generation and direct supply.
OperatorTaiwan Power Companytaipower.com.tw
Owns generation, the grid and the retail tariff — the state utility whose rate tables and reserve margin define the system for every counterparty.
MinistryMinistry of Economic Affairsmoea.gov.tw
Sets the generation-mix policy and approves the tariff reviews that Taipower's losses keep forcing back onto the agenda.
NuclearNuclear Safety Commissionnusc.gov.tw
Reviews operating-licence renewal and restart applications — the gate between the 2025 referendum result and any reactor returning to the grid.

United Arab Emirates

Regulation is emirate-level, not federal: Abu Dhabi runs a single-buyer IPP model through EWEC while Dubai keeps generation inside DEWA, so the same federal target is delivered by two different market structures.

Primary lawUAE Legislation portaluaelegislation.gov.ae
Federal laws and decree-laws by sector, including the energy, transport and infrastructure instruments that sit above the emirate regimes.
RegulatorAbu Dhabi Department of Energydoe.gov.ae
Sets Abu Dhabi's tariffs and licences and issued the Clean Energy Certificates policy that lets buyers claim nuclear and solar output.
RegulatorDubai Regulatory and Supervisory Bureaursbdubai.gov.ae
Regulates the Dubai electricity and water sector, including the Shams Dubai net-metering rules for rooftop solar.
OperatorEmirates Water and Electricity Companyewec.ae
Single buyer and planner for Abu Dhabi: runs the solar and gas IPP tenders and publishes the statement of future capacity requirements.
UtilityDubai Electricity and Water Authoritydewa.gov.ae
Owns and dispatches Dubai's system and procures the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park phases through its own IPP programme.
NuclearFederal Authority for Nuclear Regulationfanr.gov.ae
Licenses and inspects Barakah — the four units that supply roughly a quarter of national demand carbon-free.
MinistryMinistry of Energy and Infrastructuremoei.gov.ae
Owns the UAE Energy Strategy 2050 and the federal clean-energy targets the emirates procure against.

United Kingdom

Most of what moves British power prices is not primary legislation but a CfD allocation round, an Ofgem licence modification or a NESO methodology — each with its own published timetable.

Primary lawUK Parliament, Billsbills.parliament.uk
Tracks each bill through Commons and Lords stages — the Energy Act 2023 and the Planning and Infrastructure Act 2025 that reshaped grid connections.
Statute textlegislation.gov.uklegislation.gov.uk
The National Archives' in-force text of acts and statutory instruments, including the commencement regulations that decide when a power actually exists.
RegulatorOfgemofgem.gov.uk
Modifies the licences and codes, sets the price cap and the network price controls, and runs the cap-and-floor windows for long-duration storage.
OperatorNational Energy System Operatorneso.energy
Publicly owned system operator since 2024: balances the system, runs the capacity market auctions and produces the Clean Power 2030 analysis.
MinistryDESNZgov.uk
Sets the CfD parameters and administrative strike prices each allocation round, and owns the Review of Electricity Market Arrangements.

United States

Wholesale rates are federal and retail rates are state, and the split is jurisdictional rather than technical — which is why a data centre's interconnection can land at FERC, at a state commission, or at both.

Primary lawUnited States Congresscongress.gov
Bill text, status and enacted law — the Inflation Reduction Act credits and the 2025 One Big Beautiful Bill Act that reset their phase-out dates.
RegulatorFederal Energy Regulatory Commissionferc.gov
Approves wholesale rates and RTO tariffs, and issues the orders — 2222, 2023, 1920 — that define what may participate and how fast it can interconnect.
DocketsFERC eLibraryelibrary.ferc.gov
The filing record itself: every section 205 filing, protest and order, searchable by docket number.
State regulatorPublic Utility Commission of Texaspuc.texas.gov
Oversees ERCOT, which is outside FERC jurisdiction — the clearest case of a state commission holding wholesale market design.
OperatorPJM Interconnectionpjm.com
Largest RTO by load: runs the Base Residual Auction whose clearing price has driven the capacity-cost debate since the 2025/26 auction.
OperatorERCOTercot.com
Operates the Texas interconnection as an energy-only market with a scarcity pricing curve and no capacity payment.
MinistryDepartment of Energyenergy.gov
Holds the section 202(c) emergency authority and the section 403 route it used to push FERC toward a large-load interconnection rulemaking.
RulesFederal Registerfederalregister.gov
Every proposed and final rule with its effective date and comment deadline — including the EPA carbon pollution standards and their repeal.
StatisticsEnergy Information Administrationeia.gov
The official generation, capacity and price series, and the Annual Energy Outlook projections the briefs test against outturn.
EnvironmentEnvironmental Protection Agencyepa.gov
Air, water, waste and permitting rules that move generator costs, run-hour limits and retirement dates — the carbon pollution standards among them.
ReliabilityNorth American Electric Reliability Corporationnerc.com
Writes and enforces the bulk-power reliability standards, and publishes the seasonal and long-term adequacy assessments. Its remit spans the United States and Canada.
DerivativesCommodity Futures Trading Commissioncftc.gov
Oversees power and gas futures and swaps — position limits, clearing, surveillance and anti-manipulation — the hedging layer sitting on top of the physical market.

How to use this. Read across the four roles before you read any single document: a statute that passed means little until the regulator writes the licence condition, and a regulator's decision means little until the operator changes a dispatch or settlement rule. Where a role is marked as a gap, no institution fills it on an official host we can link: in China the power exchanges publish on corporate sites; in Japan the market-surveillance commission's own domain no longer resolves; Kenya's energy ministry site was returning a server error, Saudi Arabia's electricity regulator has no DNS record, Ethiopia's energy ministry serves an expired certificate, and Nepal has no wholesale market to point at — its licensed trading company is not yet operating and has no official host — all as at 16–17 September 2026. Some government hosts refuse automated requests or block traffic from outside their own region — Australian, Chinese, Russian, Gulf and Egyptian ministry sites among them. That is a response to our checker, not evidence the page is gone.